15 min read
Sam North
Linalool is a naturally occurring terpene (aromatic compound) that can be found in over 200 plants, including cannabis, lavender, sweet basil, purple basil, bergamot and eucalyptus.
Although studies are ongoing and more human research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of linalool, results so far have suggested benefits include potential calming effects, stress reduction, improved sleep quality and anti-inflammatory properties. Of all the terpenes out there (around 20,000 have been discovered so far), Linalool is the one most people will be familiar with, due to its presence in 90-95% of perfumes, soaps, household cleaning products, detergents, and home fragrances.
Key takeaways
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There's a lot more to linalool than just smelling fresh and floral, and many experts believe this terpene may contribute to the medicinal properties of medical cannabis. Ayurvedic scripture details the use of numerous linalool-containing plants for traditional folk medicine purposes, suggesting this terpene has been used by mankind from time immemorial.
Here we explore the science behind linalool terpene effects, whether linalool is good for anxiety and whether it has sedating properties.
Linalool has demonstrated potential in:
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Potential stress-modulating effects |
A rat study found that inhaled linalool reduced some physiological and gene-expression changes associated with acute stress. |
Animal experimental study (in vivo preclinical study). |
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May influence pathways involved in depression, including neurotransmission and inflammation |
Linalool may influence pathways involved in depression. |
Linalool as a Therapeutic and Medicinal Tool in Depression Treatment: A Review |
Narrative review (literature review). |
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Potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms |
A rat model study found that linalool demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. |
Animal experimental study (in vivo preclinical study). |
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Antibacterial activity against certain bacteria |
Linalool demonstrates antimicrobial activity against certain bacteria, including Pseudomonas fluorescens. |
Antimicrobial Activity and Proposed Action Mechanism of Linalool Against Pseudomonas fluorescens |
In vitro experimental laboratory study (bacterial culture study). |
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Protecting against skin damage |
Linalool may act as a photoprotective agent against UVB-induced skin damages. |
Linalool prevents oxidative stress activated protein kinases in single UVB-exposed human skin cells |
In vitro experimental laboratory study (human cell culture study). |
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Potential anticonvulsant |
Preclinical research in mice suggests linalool may have anticonvulsant properties. |
Anticonvulsant activity of the linalool enantiomers and racemate: investigation of chiral influence |
Animal experimental study (in vivo preclinical study). |
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Provides novel starting points for future anti-cancer research |
A cell study concluded that linalool may offer potential for enhancing leukemia and cervical cancer treatment. |
In vitro laboratory experimental study (cell culture study). |
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A preclinical animal study found that linalool acupoint application influenced sleep regulation. |
The effects of linalool acupoint application therapy on sleep regulation |
Randomised controlled animal study (in vivo preclinical experimental study). |
As research continues, we expect to see increased applications for linalool in the treatment of various health issues.
Linalool has a wide variety of effects, and it is naturally abundant across nature, including in the cannabis plant, although typically not in high concentration. The scent of linalool changes depending on how much of it is present. When in higher amounts, such as in mint or coriander, it has a fresh, floral scent, while in lower amounts, it has a subtle, sweet tone.
Unlike other terpenes, which can be a skin irritant at higher levels, Linalool has been described as ‘non toxic’ and ‘non-irritating or sensitising to human skin’, but the benefits of linalool are not just skin-deep. Studies have found that, even with cannabis added to the equation, preclinical research and animal studies suggest linalool may exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and antioxidant effects in the brain and may even help to reduce cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. More human research is needed to establish this.
Another point of interest noted in research so far is linalool's potential ability to accelerate wound healing (by adding to the collagen matrix), which is also associated with decreased inflammation and a decrease in scar formation when applied topically. However, oral dosing and inhalation of linalool, in a medical cannabis vape for example, leads to the highest plasma levels overall.
Like some cannabinoids, such as CBD, linalool binds to serotonin receptors, which is likely to be part of the reason why this terpene is well-known for its uplifting effects and one of the reasons why the effects of linalool can enhance the medicinal benefit of cannabis. This can be extremely useful to note for anyone suffering from anxiety or depression, and menopausal symptoms and PMS, when serotonin levels often become depleted.
Linalool has a wide variety of effects, and it is naturally abundant in nature, including in the cannabis plant, although typically not in high concentration. The scent of linalool changes depending on how much of it is present. When in higher amounts, such as in mint or coriander, it has a fresh, floral scent, while in lower amounts, it has a subtle, sweet tone.
Unlike other terpenes, which can be a skin irritant at higher levels, Linalool has been described as ‘non-toxic’ and ‘non-irritating or sensitising to human skin’, but the benefits of linalool are not just skin-deep. Studies have found that, even with cannabis added to the equation, preclinical research and animal studies suggest linalool may exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and antioxidant effects in the brain and may even help to reduce cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. More human research is needed to establish this.
Another point of interest noted in research so far is Linalool’s potential ability to accelerate wound healing (by adding to the collagen matrix), which is also associated with decreased inflammation and a decrease in scar formation when applied topically. However, oral dosing and inhalation of Linalool, in a medical cannabis vape for example, lead to the highest plasma levels overall.
Like some cannabinoids, such as CBD, linalool binds to serotonin receptors, which is likely to be part of the reason why this terpene is well-known for its uplifting effects and one of the reasons why the effects of linalool can enhance the medicinal benefit of cannabis. This can be extremely useful to note for anyone suffering from anxiety or depression, and menopausal symptoms and PMS, when serotonin levels often become depleted.
Although linalool is often found in the cannabis plant, it is a terpene, not a cannabinoid, and this actually means there’s a lot more research on the potential medicinal benefits available to draw from, as it is not a controlled substance, nor does it need to be derived from one, unlike some cannabinoids and cannabis.
Terpenes are, in fact, present in virtually every plant, acting as a protector against unwanted microbes, pests, predators and pathogens. They also attract pollinators and animals that can help spread their seeds or strengthen their growth. And these actions are all caused by anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-septic, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic and anti-biotic properties, many of which have been found to extend beyond the plant kingdom and actually benefit humans in similar ways.
It just so happens that cannabis is one of the densest sources of terpenes in nature, with around 200 different terpenes identified across the species. All cultivars of cannabis contain different levels of terpenes, including linalool, which is what gives cannabis plants their unique smells and flavours.
The effects of linalool have been scientifically studied for over 150 years, after it was first isolated from Cayenne rosewood essential oil in 1875.
At first, the studies focused on its extraction and potential use in cosmetics and food, but in the second half of the century, research began to expand into its pharmacological effects. Most notably, focus and findings have been on anti-inflammatory properties, calming effects on the nervous system via the modulation of GABA and glutamate receptors, and antimicrobial properties. Most recently, linalool has also been found to potentially exhibit cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancer effects.
Many of the most significant therapeutic effects of linalool come from its interaction with the central nervous system, which has been shown to hold the potential to intervene in the pathways of neurodegenerative and behavioural disorders, including depression. Lavender is perhaps the most famous linalool-rich essential oil commonly used for stress relief, and studies echo this traditional use. Participants were found to have decreased cortisol, blood pressure and stress symptoms after inhalation.
The anti-inflammatory properties of linalool are also well-established through in vitro and in vivo models, although more human research is needed. Research indicates it significantly reduces swelling and joint damage in arthritis models. There is also evidence to suggest that linalool may have the potential to reduce lung inflammation and neuroinflammation.
Many experts believe that the most remarkable therapeutic effects of medical cannabis are created by all of the cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids working in synergy with each other, resulting in something called the entourage effect. Linalool is just one of around 200 terpenes identified in cannabis (alongside over 140 cannabinoids), but, even in modest amounts, linalool might very well impact the clinical efficacy of medical cannabis.
The combination of some terpenes (including linalool) with THC has been found to significantly increase the activity of the CB1 endocannabinoid receptor, compared to THC alone. In some cases, severalfold. This suggests that variation of terpenes could noticeably alter the effects of medical cannabis and could potentially allow for the adjustment of the treatment for various desired medicinal and personal needs.
Aside from its interaction with cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system, linalool is known to potentially possess potent analgesic properties for pain relief, and anti-anxiety effects due to the interaction with certain brain receptors. This is also likely to affect the clinical efficacy of medical cannabis.
Preclinical studies have shown that linalool vapour can help to reduce anxiety. When tested in comparison to diazepam in an animal model, the anxiolytic effects of inhaled linalool (the reduction of anxiety, tension, and fear) were similar to that of diazepam.
Research suggests that linalool reduces anxiety by mimicking the calming effects of benzodiazepines, interacting with GABA receptors in the brain.
Linalool-rich lavender oil is also traditionally used for sleep, so it may come as no surprise that in high doses, linalool can be sedating. But this is really due to its stress-relieving qualities that calm the nervous system. Linalool is unlikely to cause fatigue, especially in the low levels found in medical cannabis, but it might help you relax and get a better night's sleep.
As seen in studies relating to linalool, depression and anxiety, studies exploring linalool for sleep also highlight linalool's interaction with serotonin and GABAergic receptors, which reduces cortisol and provides mental relaxation.
Unlike many traditional sedatives, studies show inhaled linalool induces relaxation and prolongs sleep duration without impairing motor coordination.
In low concentrations, as found in medical cannabis, linalool is generally well tolerated, with few notable side effects reported. However, there are some side effects when higher concentrations of linalool are applied directly to the skin. This includes irritation in those with sensitive skin (always perform a patch test before applying medical cannabis oil or topicals containing linalool), allergic reactions (if you have a known allergy to lavender or other plant sources of linalool, it is best to avoid products containing this terpene), dizziness and headaches. But this mainly applies when using undiluted essential oils.
Some people do experience drowsiness as a result of inhaling linalool, but this could be beneficial depending on your personal needs.
As with all cannabis-based therapeutic options, you should always look to titrate (start low, go slow) your dose and use the smallest effective amount.
Speaking to your prescribing specialist before adding any new product or substance to your medical treatment plan is always important. They will be able to advise you on potential interactions or risks based on your specific health needs.
Releaf offers a range of high-linalool medical cannabis flower, so if you're interested in utilising the potential benefits of this terpene in your treatment plan, be sure to bring it up in your consultation to discuss the options available.
Linalool is one of at least 20,000 terpenes (aromatic compounds) found in nature. It is present in many cannabis cultivars. Research suggests that the potential therapeutic effects of linalool may include antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.
Although linalool is present in cannabis and can increase the interaction of THC with the endocannabinoid system, it is a terpene, not a cannabinoid.
Research suggests that linalool, and linalool-rich lavender, may help with the symptoms of anxiety and insomnia. Linalool has been found to have a calming effect on the nervous system and brain, as well as an interaction with serotonin receptors, which may contribute to these effects. Most of this evidence comes from preclinical studies, so more human research is needed.
Side effects of linalool are usually mild and mainly only found when the terpene is applied directly to the skin or inhaled in high concentrations. In this case, potential side effects include skin irritation, headaches, dizziness, respiratory issues and allergic reactions.
The vaporisation temperature of linalool ranges between 388 to 438°F (198 to 226°C), depending on the source. This means that it can be easily activated through a vaporiser, with the vapour then being inhaled.
Linalool is one of the most abundant and well-studied terpenes in cannabis and has shown promising results across a range of studies. If you have any further questions about linalool or other terpenes, feel free to reach out to us or check out our extensive education and blog sections.
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