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7 min read
Sam North
The Cannabis sativa L. genus produces a host of different cannabinoids that act therapeutically, but THC and CBD should not be the sole focus. Cannabis plants also produce a range of terpenes, most often cited for their aromatic qualities, but recent research is uncovering their medicinal potential.
Today, we begin a new series aimed at helping patients fully understand the specific terpenes found in the highest concentrations in cannabis and how they may impact your medicine. The starting point is caryophyllene, a fascinating compound and the only terpene known to activate cannabinoid receptors in the body.
Caryophyllene, also known as beta-caryophyllene (BCP), is a terpene that is abundantly produced across the plant kingdom. It is found in many plants not part of the cannabis family tree - rosemary, black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, hops, and basil, amongst others.
Like all terpenes, caryophyllene has its own unique scent profile, which leans towards the spicy end of the spectrum. It is often associated with freshly ground black pepper or cinnamon's sweet spiciness.
It is currently believed that caryophyllene is the only terpene that directly interacts with and binds to one of the body's cannabinoid receptors (CB2). Cannabinoids like THC and CBD also bind to these receptors. Caryophyllene can thus be considered a ‘cannabinoid’, as it demonstrates activity when bound to the CB2 receptor.
Most of the terpenes produced by cannabis plants offer a range of health benefits, but it's thought that only caryophyllene has the ability to bind directly with receptors in the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This one difference makes caryophyllene stand out amongst its terpene peers and adds to the therapeutic potential of this special chemical.
Caryophyllene is also the first approved dietary terpene. It is classified as a Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) compound and has been used as a food additive for decades.
Caryophyllene is able to bind to and activate CB2 receptors in the ECS, which are primarily found in immune cells. The CB2 receptors live on the cell walls and trigger a range of anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting effects when they are “switched on”.
As caryophyllene can bind to these receptors, it has the potential to help regulate the body's immune response and reduce inflammation. This makes it a promising compound for managing many health concerns and conditions.
Caryophyllene is one of the terpenes produced in the highest concentrations across many cannabis strains. UK medical cannabis examples include:
Since caryophyllene is able to target the CB2 receptor directly, it has a range of potential therapeutic benefits -
It is important, at this stage, to explain the 'entourage effect'.
The entourage effect is a widely accepted theory stating that when cannabis compounds (cannabinoids, terpenes, etc.) are taken together, the resulting effects are stronger and more diverse than when they are taken separately.
This essentially means that when a patient takes a cannabis-based medication that includes both cannabinoids and terpenes, that patient may experience greater symptom relief or therapeutic benefits than if the medication contained only one of these compounds.
Caryophyllene's ability to interact with the CB2 receptor may enhance and amplify the effects of other cannabinoids in cannabis, especially when it comes to managing pain and inflammation.
Unlike most therapeutic options, terpenes generally come with no side effects, and that includes caryophyllene. It has been shown to be well tolerated in high doses in both animals and humans, and there have been no reports of adverse reactions.
But a word of caution regarding caryophyllene supplements -
It's important to note that the best way to experience the therapeutic benefits of caryophyllene is through whole-plant medicine. Many 'full-spectrum' and 'broad-spectrum' medical cannabis products offer patients access to both terpenes and cannabinoids in one medication.
To get the best advice and guidance, it's important to always consult with a medical professional before starting any new treatment or medication. In the UK, medical cannabis can only be prescribed by a specialist doctor for specific conditions.
No, when taken by itself, caryophyllene will not cause any intoxicating effects.
The psychoactive effect of cannabis is caused by THC binding with the CB1 receptor.
Caryophyllene only binds to the CB2 receptor, so it will not cause intoxication or mind-altering effects.
In fact, caryophyllene has been found to counteract some of the lesser desirable effects of THC, such as anxiety and paranoia. It has been shown to block the CB1 receptor, preventing THC from binding and reducing the psychoactive effects. This is one of the reasons caryophyllene is often recommended as a complementary terpene to balance out THC-heavy strains.
Terpenes are integral to essential oils and have been used in traditional medicine and aromatherapy for centuries. But caryophyllene, in particular, has shown promise beyond the cannabis industry.
You will see caryophyllene added as a natural flavouring agent in food products, including spices, sauces, and beverages. It is also used in cosmetics and personal care products for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Outside of its potential therapeutic benefits, caryophyllene's spicy and woody aroma also makes it a popular choice in perfumery.
Patients have described caryophyllene as exhibiting a spicy, tangy, woody flavour with a slightly sweet taste.
When we eat a food product containing caryophyllene, it has to work its way through the digestive tract. This means that at least some of the compound will be broken down by digestive enzymes before it reaches the bloodstream, not only reducing its effectiveness but also slowing down the onset of effects.
Inhaled caryophyllene bypasses the digestive system, reaching the bloodstream quickly and in higher concentrations. This means that when inhaled, the effects of caryophyllene may be felt more immediately and intensely than when ingested.
Caryophyllene does not cause intoxication itself, and it may actually reduce the psychoactive effects of THC.
Some online sources claim that caryophyllene has appetite-suppressing effects, but the research backing this up is minimal. Humulene, another cannabis terpene, has been studied for its potential appetite-suppressing properties, but there is no concrete evidence that caryophyllene also offers this effect.
Caryophyllene can interact with the endocannabinoid system, which may reduce anxiety and stress. It also offers anti-inflammatory and pain-killing properties that can quell discomfort that might otherwise disrupt sleep.
Being the only terpene capable of interacting directly with the endocannabinoid system, caryophyllene is one of the most interesting and promising compounds in medical cannabis. Its potential benefits for pain relief, mood regulation, and cell protection make it a valuable addition to any medical cannabis treatment plan.
If you want to learn more about cannabis-based therapy options, check out our huge education section.
Close to every single medical cannabis topic is covered, with all pieces citing up-to-date, evidence-based research. Keep learning and keep exploring the world of UK medical cannabis with Releaf.
It is important to seek medical advice before starting any new treatments. The patient advisors at Releaf are available to provide expert advice and support. Alternatively, click here to book a consultation with one of our specialist doctors.
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Am I eligible?Sam North, a seasoned writer with over five years' experience and expertise in medicinal cannabis, brings clarity to complex concepts, focusing on education and informed use.
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All of our articles are written by medical cannabis experts, guided by strict sourcing guidelines, and reference peer-reviewed studies and credible academic research. Our expert clinical team and compliance specialists provide valuable insights to ensure accuracy when required. Learn more in our editorial policy.
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