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Glossary

Monoterpene

Monoterpenes are a group of naturally occurring compounds found throughout the plant kingdom. They are responsible for the characteristic scents of many plants (including cannabis) and have a wide range of uses in traditional and modern medicine.

What are monoterpenes?

 

Monoterpenes are organic compounds made up of two isoprene units (C5H8) and have a molecular formula of C10H16. They are colourless, volatile liquids and produce a huge range of very distinct aroma types.

 

Other than producing scents, what are the uses of monoterpenes?

 

Plants produce monoterpenes for a variety of reasons, including as a defence mechanism against herbivores and to attract pollinators. In addition to their role in plants, monoterpenes have long been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and analgesic properties.

An ever-increasing body of research is also exploring the potential of monoterpenes in modern medicine.

 

What is the therapeutic role of monoterpenes?

 

Monoterpenes produce a range of therapeutic properties.

  • Anti-inflammatory: Terpenes such as alpha-pinene and limonene can reduce inflammation, making them valuable in treating conditions like arthritis and asthma.
  • Antiviral: Some terpenes, like beta-caryophyllene, possess antiviral properties that can help combat various viral infections.
  • Antimicrobial: Terpenes such as linalool and alpha-terpineol have shown efficacy against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi, offering a natural solution to microbial resistance.
  • Analgesic: Many terpenes, including myrcene, are known for their pain-relieving properties, offering an alternative to traditional painkillers.
  • Stress Reduction: Terpenes like linalool and limonene can help alleviate stress, anxiety, and depression, promoting mental well-being.
  • Antioxidant: Terpenes such as gamma-terpinene exhibit antioxidant activity, which helps neutralise harmful free radicals in the body.

 

What monoterpenes does cannabis produce?

 

Each cannabis cultivar produces its own unique terpene benefits.

  • Myrcene is one of the most abundant terpenes found in cannabis and is known for its sedative and pain-relieving effects.
  • Pinene, with its distinct pine scent, has shown potential as an anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator.
  • Limonene offers a citrus aroma and has been studied for its anti-carcinogenic and stress-reducing effects.
  • Beta-caryophyllene, found in black pepper and other herbs, has shown promise as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective compound.
  • Linalool has a sweet floral fragrance and is known for its calming properties.
  • Humulene, also found in hops and coriander, has shown antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

 

To find out if you are eligible for medical cannabis treatment in the UK, check out our fast and free medical cannabis eligibility checker.

If you would like to learn more about medical cannabis in the UK, Releaf is here to help. In addition to this medical cannabis glossary, we have an extensive blog and education hub to explore, both filled with resources that UK medical cannabis patients, prescribers, and educators have been asking for.